SPICE - Knight Raiders Accomplishments

Here are the final accomplishments of the SPICE in four years (2008-2012) at Texas Tech (15 national, 2 state, and 2 regional titles):

National titles

2012 College Chess Final Four (Herndon, VA)

Division I National Team Champion (GM Meier, GM Moradiabadi, GM Bykhovsky, GM Diamant, GM Boros, IM Neimer)

2012 United States g15 Open Championship (Albuquerque, NM)

National Individual Champion - GM Georg Meier

2012 United States g15 Open Championship (Albuquerque, NM)

National under 2000 Individual Co-Champions - Zachary Haskin & Trey Modlin

2011 College Chess Final Four (Herndon, VA)

Division I National Team Champion (GM Bykhovsky, GM Kuljasevic, IM Sipos, GM Diamant, SM Aleskerov)

2011 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Fort Worth, TX)

Board 3 Division I National Co-Champion - GM Denes Boros

Board 4 Division I National Champion - GM Andre Diamant

Texas Tech qualified for the College Chess Final Four for 3rd consecutive year (Meier, Bykhovksy, Boros, Diamant)

2010 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Milwaukee, WI)

Division II National Team Champion (Watters, Flores, Lelko, Cassidy, Osbourn)
Division IV National Team Champion (Haskin, Kamphorst, James, Roy)
Board 2 Division I National Champion – GM Andre Diamant
Board 3 Division I National Champion – GM Anatoly Bykhovsky
Texas Tech qualified for the College Chess Final Four for 2nd consecutive year (Kuljasevic, Diamant, Bykhovsky, Sipos)

2009 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (South Padre Island, TX)

Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Davorin Kuljasevic
Board 3 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal
Division IV National Team Champion (Osbourn, Haskin, James, Parkhomenko, Shah)
Texas Tech A qualified for the College Chess Final Four in its first try in Division I (Kuljasevic, Papp, Antal, Watters)

2009 Tournament of College Champions (Irvine, CA)

National Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

2008 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Fort Worth, TX)

Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal

Regional titles

2011 Southwest Collegiate Championship - Regional (Dallas, TX)

Division I team champion (GM Bykhovsky, GM Moradiabadi, GM Diamant, GM Boros, IM Neimer, IM-elect Aleskerov)

2009 Southwest Open – Regional (Fort Worth, TX)
Regional Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

State titles

2009 Texas State Collegiate Championships (Houston, TX)
State Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal
State Division I Team Champion – Texas Tech

Head Coach: GM Susan Polgar
Coach: FM Paul Truong

Starting in July 2012, Texas Tech will have a new Director for Chess, Mr. Al Lawrence, and Head Coach, GM Alex Onischuk. I wish the Knight Raiders the best of luck in future. It has been a wonderful tenure at Texas Tech in Lubbock, Texas.

The SPICE program is now at Webster University in St. Louis, MO (www.websterchess.com) 

Knight Raiders address rumors, issues regarding move to Webster University

Knight Raiders address rumors, issues regarding move to Webster University
Posted: Monday, April 23, 2012 8:48 pm
By Nicole Molter
Staff Writer
Daily Toreador - Dept. of Student Media, Texas Tech University

Nine of the current Knight Raiders will transfer to Webster University in St. Louis with Susan Polgar, director of Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence, and Paul Truong, director of marketing for SPICE, in June.

The players staying behind said they are sad to see these members go, but are optimistic about the future of chess at Texas Tech.

“I’ve spoken to the group on several occasions,” said Juan Muñoz, vice provost for undergraduate education. “I’ve assured them that chess is going to continue at Texas Tech. We plan to hire very, very highly accomplished people, and we plan to be competitive. We plan to continue to recruit students to play and to attend Texas Tech and to be exceptional students and equally accomplished players.”

There has been some confusion about the continuation of the chess at Tech and funds available to the program, said Brett James, a junior from Richmond with a concentration in pre-med.

“A lot of the papers that have been coming out lately – it got picked up by over 500 ones across the U.S., like ESPN, Yahoo, Associated Press, NPR News, New York Times, Wall Street (Journal), all these big newspaper articles, some even foreign – basically they’re saying the wrong thing,” James said.

There will be a team for the fall, he said. More than half of the current team is staying. A new director, coach and outreach coordinator will be hired. An outreach coordinator is a full-time position the team has never had before.

“I have formed a search committee,” Muñoz said, “which is comprised of staff and students. It’s chaired by our vice provost, former U.S. ambassador, Tibor Nagy. They’ve been meeting for weeks and have already identified three finalists (for coach).”

The team will have more scholarship funds than ever before, Muñoz said. A recent private pledge of approximately $280,000 will be divided during the course of four years. The program also has about $50,000 in annual permanent institutional dollars for scholarships.

The team has a separate operational budget he said, which will be used for transportation, food and hotel expenses.

“The money we have right now is good enough to fill the team that has already won the title twice,” James said. “It’s just not enough for maybe twice the size and more Grandmasters to keep coming, like the team was becoming. So Webster wants to have that, and that’s great but, you know, they’re a private school. They can have a little bit more money than Tech can, but Tech definitely has enough support here to have a championship team just like they did the last two years.”

Trey Modlin, a freshman undeclared major from Shaker Heights, Ohio, is confident about the Knight Raiders growing as a team. People are attracted to the school as much as they are to the chess program, he said.

Modlin visited the campus and the chess team before making the decision to come to Tech.

“I didn’t feel overwhelmed by being there,” he said, “and (the chess team) even let me get in on some training, so I wasn’t just being an observer.”

The interest in the chess program is growing in schools, James said. The Knight Raiders hosted the fifth annual Lubbock Open at the Science Spectrum in January.

“We used rooms that we’ve never had before with like 100 students in there by itself,” he said. “All the tournaments are over 100 students now. When I first got here there were like 70 to 80.”

The team may not be as competitive with the loss of the top players, James said.

“It’s definitely going to be a transition year,” he said, “kind of like the football team where we switched from Mike Leach. Now we have (head football coach Tommy) Tuberville.”

Replacing such a good coach is hard, James said. A lot of people are doubtful right now, but the team has a lot to look forward to in the next year starting with our practices in early September.

“(Susan) has incredible knowledge of chess,” he said. “She’s a good coach, but everybody has their own perspective. There’s all kinds of great coaches out there. We’re going to have another strong coach in the fall and we plan to keep winning titles, too. Basically, we want the campus to be confident and support us, just realize that we’re here.”

Source: http://www.dailytoreador.com

Knight Raiders to Defend National Title at Final Four

Knight Raiders to Defend National Title at Final Four
Players will compete to be the top intercollegiate team at the President’s Cup in Washington, D.C.
Written by Karin Slyker

Texas Tech’s Knight Raiders will defend their national title March 30-April 1 at the 2012 President’s Cup in Washington, D.C. Often known as the Final Four of College Chess, this premier event will determine the country’s top intercollegiate team.

Susan Polgar, head coach and director of the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE), said the team has prepared many months for this trip.

“We are looking forward to the difficult challenge from the other three universities,” Polgar said. “It will not be easy, but we will do our best to make Texas Tech proud.”

This is Texas Tech’s third consecutive appearance at the President’s Cup. Its opponents in this round-robin tournament are the University of Texas at Dallas, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, and New York University. The team that accrues the highest number of points will win the championship.

“We already know who we play,” said Paul Truong, director of marketing for SPICE. “The only thing we do not know is who will be black and who will be white.”

The competition is sponsored by Booz Allen Hamilton, a leading provider of management and technology consulting services to the US government in defense, intelligence and civil markets.

Because the skills of a great chess player are also among the characteristics for success in business, the Booz Allen Hamilton is offering summer internships to the nation’s top players. The positions will be in Cloud Analytics, in the firm’s Washington, D.C. area offices.

The Texas Tech Chess program is a unit of the Division of Institutional Diversity, Equity and Community Engagement.

Source: http://today.ttu.edu/2012/03/knight-raider-to-defend-national-title-at-final-

The heavy underdog of the Final Four

L to R: GM Bykhovsky, GM Boros, GM Moradiabadi, GM Meier, GM Diamant, IM Neimer, IM-elect Aleskerov

The College Chess Final Four will take place this weekend in Washington, DC. The four teams which will compete in the most prestigious National Collegiate Chess title are:

TTU - SPICE (defending champion)
UTD
UMBC
NYU

Even though the SPICE warriors are the defending champion, we are the underdog for several reasons. Teams like UTD and UMBC are heavily supported by their respective universities with scholarships while the Knight Raiders relied on donations in the past to even exist.

A pro-chess university like UTD threw a big pep rally with VIPs attending to send their team off to the Final Four. On the other hand, very few administrators at Texas Tech are even aware that that we are trying to defend our National Championship title this weekend.

Most importantly, while the other three teams were busy preparing for this very important event, the SPICE warriors were busy helping me pack the SPICE office to move to a new location on campus. This directly took away our valuable time for preparation. The school administrators decided that right before the Final Four is the "right" time to move instead of waiting after the Final Four.

What our players have is sheer determination and strong faith in each other. It may be a big mountain to climb but they will give it everything they have. Win, lose, or draw, I am very proud of my players.

SPICE wins 2012 Southwest Collegiate Championship

SPICE wins 2012 Southwest Collegiate Championship

Posted: February 21, 2012 - 9:06am

February 21, 2012 - 10:06am

SPICE wins 2012 Southwest Collegiate Championship

The Texas Tech Knight Raiders clinched another first-place chess victory Sunday at the 2012 Southwest Collegiate Championship in Fort Worth.

Team members include Grandmaster Anatoly Bykhovsk of Israel, Grandmaster Elshan Moradiabad of Iran, Grandmaster Andre Diamant of Brazil, Grandmaster Denes Boros of Hungary, International Master-elect Faik Aleskerov of Azerbaijan and International Master Vitaly Neimer of Israel.

The University of Texas at Dallas finished second, followed by UT Brownsville and Texas A&M, respectively.

Source: http://lubbockonline.com

Knight Raiders earned top spot at Southwest Collegiate

Chess team earns first place in Southwest tourney
Posted: Monday, February 20, 2012 11:51 pm
dailytoreador.com

The Texas Tech Knight Raiders, under the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence, claimed the top spot at the 2012 Southwest Collegiate Championship on Sunday in Dallas.

The University of Texas at Dallas placed second, with the University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas A&M following.



This was the teams first Southwest Collegiate Team Championship title.

Participating team members included Faik Aleskerov, international master-elect, of Azerbaijan; Denes Boros, grandmaster, of Hungary; Anatoly Bykhovsky, grandmaster, of Israel; Andre Diamant, grandmaster, of Brazil; Elshan Moradiabadi, grandmaster, of Iran; and Vitaly Neimer, grandmaster, of Israel.

Bykhovsky scored two wins and three draws to earn second place on tiebreaks for individual honor. Moradiabadi finished in third place on tiebreaks, Diamant in fourth and Boros in seventh. Overall, none of the grandmasters were defeated, helping the Knight Raiders earn first place.

Source: http://www.dailytoreador.com

The SPICE warriors win SW Collegiate Championship

L to R: GM Elshan Moradiabadi, GM Denes Boros, IM-elect Faik Aleskerov, GM Andre Diamant, IM Vitaly Neimer, GM Anatoly Bykhovsky at Dallas Love Airport

The Texas Tech SPICE - Knight Raiders have just captured the 2012 SW Collegiate Championship in Dallas, Texas. Hometown team and top seed UT Dallas finished second while UT Brownsville finished third. Texas A&M finished in a distance fourth.

This is a surprise victory for the Knight Raiders as two of the team members (Grandmasters Andre Diamant and Denes Boros) were in emergency care Friday morning shortly before leaving for Dallas. This was not the end of the story. After arriving to the event on Friday evening, another Knight Raider, Grandmaster Elshan Moradiabadi did not feel well.


At Lubbock Airport

In spite of the serious health issue, the players fought very hard as true warriors for the prestigious title. At the end, they topped all their rivals to earn another major title for the Texas Tech and SPICE.

They've represented us well in chess

Sorry, Texas Tech: You've Been Checkmated
Wall Street Journal
FEBRUARY 4, 2012

College athletes transferring to another school is common, but an entire program? Webster University announced Friday it had lured the Texas Tech chess team—including coach Susan Polgar and the "A" squad members who won the national title last spring—to the St. Louis-area school. Polgar, who noted a nearby St. Louis chess club as a U.S. "hot spot," will relocate to Webster in June. The players will enroll there for 2012-13.

"We're disappointed that they've chosen to transfer rather than continue their education here but we do wish them the best in that," a Texas Tech spokesman said. "They've represented us well in chess."

—R.B.

Knight Raiders Accomplishments

Here are just some of the Knight Raiders' accomplishments in the past four year since SPICE was established (12 national, 2 state, and 1 regional titles):

2008 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Fort Worth, TX)
Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal

2009 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (South Padre Island, TX)
Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Davorin Kuljasevic
Board 3 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal
Division IV National Team Champion (Osbourn, Haskin, James, Parkhomenko, Shah)
Texas Tech A qualified for the College Chess Final Four in its first try in Division I (Kuljasevic, Papp, Antal, Watters)

2009 Tournament of College Champions (Irvine, CA)
National Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

2010 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Milwaukee, WI)
Division II National Team Champion (Watters, Flores, Lelko, Cassidy, Osbourn)
Division IV National Team Champion (Haskin, Kamphorst, James, Roy)
Board 2 Division I National Champion – GM Andre Diamant
Board 3 Division I National Champion – GM Anatoly Bykhovsky
Texas Tech qualified for the College Chess Final Four for 2nd consecutive year (Kuljasevic, Diamant, Bykhovsky, Sipos)

2011 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Fort Worth, TX)

Board 3 Division I National Co-Champion - GM Denes Boros

Board 4 Division I National Champion - GM Andre Diamant

Texas Tech qualified for the College Chess Final Four for 3rd consecutive year (Meier, Bykhovksy, Boros, Diamant)

2011 College Chess Final Four (Herndon, VA)

Division I National Team Champion (GM Bykhovsky, GM Kuljasevic, IM Sipos, GM Diamant, SM Aleskerov)

2009 Texas State Collegiate Championships (Houston, TX)
State Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal
State Division I Team Champion – Texas Tech

2009 Southwest Open – Regional (Fort Worth, TX)
Regional Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

Head Coach: GM Susan Polgar

Coach: FM Paul Truong

The "Unofficial" TTU Mascot Video

The Knight Raiders are features at the SPICE Chess Park on campus at the 11th minute

8th “Get Smart! Play Chess!” Open

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE)
The Susan Polgar Foundation
and the Knight Raiders present

8th “Get Smart! Play Chess!” Open
Saturday, September 24, 2011

A 4 Round Swiss USCF Rated Tournament (Game/30)
Event Site: Science Spectrum 2579 S. Loop 289, Lubbock, TX
Contact Info: 806-742-7742 E-mail: Spice@ttu.edu

Description of Tournament: An open tournament for all players. USCF membership required.

Registration: On-site registration and check in 8:30am-10:00am. All players must check in by
10:15am. Late arrival will receive a ½ point bye for the first round. Chess boards and sets
provided, bring clock.

Round schedule: 10:30am - 12:00pm - 1:30pm and 3:00pm

Entry Fee: $15 by 9/16, $20 by 9/22; after or onsite $25. K-12 or TTU students $15.

Entry fee includes access to the museum OR one free IMAX movie.

Prizes: 1st $125 2nd $75 3rd $25Top U-2000 $50 Top U-1600 $50. All prizes are based on 20 paid entries.

Please send Entry Blank and Entry Fee to Susan Polgar Foundation at 6923 Indiana Ave. #154 Lubbock, TX 79413

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9-24-11 Open Entry Form: Please PRINT all information and make check to Susan Polgar Foundation.

Name: _________________________Phone: (_____)__________
Address: ________________ City/State:____________ Zip:_____
Email:____________________________________DOB:_______
USCF ID# and expiration date:________USCF Rating (if any) ______
Sibling Team_____Parent/Child Team___ Student/Coach Team____
Amount paid____Check#_____Cash_____ Bye request R1 R2 R3 R4

8th “Get Smart! Play Chess!” Fall Scholastic Chess Championship

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence (SPICE)
The Susan Polgar Foundation
and the Knight Raiders present

8th “Get Smart! Play Chess!” Fall Scholastic Chess Championship
Saturday, September 24, 2011
A 4 Round Swiss System Tournament (Game/30)

Event Site: Science Spectrum, 2579 S. Loop 289 Lubbock, TX

Contact Info: 806-742-7742 E-mail: Spice@ttu.edu

Description of Tournament: A USCF rated Individual and Team Scholastic Championship
Games are played in five sections: Primary (K-2), Elementary (K-5), Middle School (K-8), High School (K-12) and Novice section K-12 (no USCF membership required). There is a total of 30 minutes maximum per player per game.

On-site registration and check in 8:30am-9:30am. All players must check in by 9:45am. Later arrival will receive a ½ point bye for the first round.

Round schedule: 10:15am -11:30am-1:15pm and 2:30pm

UIL Invitational Puzzle-Solving at 12:30pm.

Entry Fees: $10 received by 9/16; $15 received by 9/22, or on site $20. A valid USCF membership required in all sections, except Novice K-12. It can be obtained at www.uschess.org or onsite on 9/24 until 10am. The entry for the UIL Puzzle Solving is $5.

Prizes: Trophies for top 3 finishers in each section. Trophies to top 3 school teams in each section.

Special valuable chess prizes to the top overall finisher in each section sponsored by the Susan Polgar Foundation! Team prizes are based on the top 3 individual scores from the same school within the same section. Also special trophy for top Sibling, top Parent/Child and top Coach/Student teams. Prize giving ceremony will be held shortly after the end of the last game which is around 3:45pm.

Chess boards and sets will be provided. Bring a chess clock if you have one.

Please register at www.spice.ttu.edu (and then click on Events on the left hand side) or send Entry Blank and Fees to TTU-SPICE send to: SPICE Box 45080 Lubbock, TX 79409-5080.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Entry Form 9-24-11: Please PRINT all information and make check/money order to TTU-SPICE.

Name: _________________________ Phone: (_____) ________School___________
Address: __________________________ City/State: ____________ Zip:_________
Email: ________________________________ DOB: ______Section_____________
USCF Rating (if any) _____USCF ID#:______ Amount Enclosed (No cash, please) $_____

Sibling Team____Parent/Child Team____ Student/Coach Team___ Bye request R1 R2 R3 R4

First SPICE Training of the new semester

Training session with GM Bykhovsky, GM Meier, GM Boros, SM Aleskerov

The 2011 Texas Tech Knight Raiders A Team

L to R: Dr. Hal Karlssson (Iceland), SM Faik Aleskerov (Azerbaijan), GM Anatoly Bykhovsky (Israel), Me, GM Georg Meier (Germany), IM Vitaly Neimer (Israel), GM Denes Boros (Hungary), GM Andre Diamant (Brazil)

Knight Raiders Accomplishments

Here are just some of the Knight Raiders' accomplishments in the past three year since SPICE was established:

2008 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Fort Worth, TX)
Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal

2009 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (South Padre Island, TX)
Board 1 Division I National Champion – IM Davorin Kuljasevic
Board 3 Division I National Champion – IM Gergely Antal
Division IV National Team Champion (Osbourn, Haskin, James, Parkhomenko, Shah)
Texas Tech A qualified for the College Chess Final Four in its first try in Division I (Kuljasevic, Papp, Antal, Watters)

2009 Tournament of College Champions (Irvine, CA)
National Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

2010 PanAm Intercollegiate Chess Championships (Milwaukee, WI)
Division II National Team Champion (Watters, Flores, Lelko, Cassidy, Osbourn)
Division IV National Team Champion (Haskin, Kamphorst, James, Roy)
Board 2 Division I National Champion – GM Andre Diamant
Board 3 Division I National Champion – GM Anatoly Bykhovsky
Texas Tech qualified for the College Chess Final Four for 2nd consecutive year (Kuljasevic, Diamant, Bykhovsky, Sipos)

2011 College Chess Final Four (Herndon, VA)

Division I National Team Champion (GM Bykhovsky, GM Kuljasevic, IM Sipos, GM Diamant, SM Aleskerov)

2009 Texas State Collegiate Championships (Houston, TX)
State Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal
State Division I Team Champion – Texas Tech

2009 Southwest Open – Regional (Fort Worth, TX)
Regional Division I Individual Champion – IM Gergely Antal

Baseball, like chess, is a game of strategy, mental focus and concentration and physical stamina

College scholarship? Check: It's no surprise that Texas Tech recruiters love the way Charles Modlin III, aka Trey Modlin, plays the game and went after him hard, offering him lots of scholarship money to play for them.

The Shaker Heights High School senior, after all, led his baseball team last year in batting average, was voted varsity offensive player of the year and earned All Lake Erie honors. He was Channel 3 athlete of the week. He hits clean-up, plays just about any position and is tough to hit on the mound.

But baseball has nothing to do with the Red Raiders' interest.

Modlin was recruited by for his mastery at chess.

No kidding. International Chess Grandmaster Susan Polgar recruited Modlin to play chess as part of the Texas Tech University Chess Team and the Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence there for his mastery at chess.

No kidding.

He's Bobby Bonds meets Bobby Fischer.

"They're serious about chess there," said Trey's dad, Dr. Charles Modlin, a Cleveland Clinic kidney transplant surgeon. His mom, Dr. Sheryl Modlin, is a pediatric anesthesiologist at Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital.

Trey's chess dominance all started as a 4-year-old playing checkers.

"Then he wanted me to teach him how to play chess," said his dad.

Then he got private lessons from Michael Joelson and later was mentored by International Grandmaster Maurice Ashley, a role model because he is the first black chess player to achieve that top ranking.

"He's a lot better than me," Trey's dad admitted. "I haven't beaten him in years."

Dad's not alone. Trey beats a lot of competitors, racking up two national titles and four state championships (in grades 2, 10, 11 and 12). He's also a great trumpet player in the marching band and jazz ensemble.

Said Trey: "Baseball, like chess, is a game of strategy, mental focus and concentration and physical stamina. Many chess matches are 3 or 4 days long, 12 hours a day and require the player to be physically and mentally strong. Chess and baseball both require more practice and preparation off the field before the player enters the field."

Source: http://www.cleveland.com

Interview with GM Kuljasevic

Interview with Knight Raider Captain GM Davorin Kuljasevic shortly before his graduation on May 13, 2011. He will receive an MBA in Finance from Texas Tech University tonight.

Knight Raiders celebration at Market Street in Lubbock

United Supermarket, the largest supermarket chain in West Texas, hosted a celebration with the Texas Tech Knight Raiders at their flagship Market Street store on 50th Street and Indiana.

Behind the A team members is Mr. Jodey Arrington, chief of staff for Chancellor Kent Hance.

Big win for the Knight Raiders and Dr. Karlsson

The Knight Raiders Chess Club just won the 2010-11 Texas Tech University Most Improved Student Organization and the Texas Tech Student Organization of the Year Awards!

In addition, Dr. Hal Karlsson also won the 2010-11 Texas Tech University Most Outstanding Student Organization Advisor of the Year Award!

Congratulations to the Knight Raiders and Dr. Hal Karlsson!

Meet the Texas Tech Knight Raiders

Meet the Texas Tech Knight Raiders, 2011 National Collegiate Chess Champions, at Market Street Supermarket on 50th & Indiana this Saturday (April 30th ) between 3 - 3:45pm!

This announcement is represented by a registered student organization.